What Do Hail and Wind Ratings Actually Mean?

Impact Rating Tests: What Contractors Should Know 

In the United States, impact resistance is most commonly measured using UL 2218 and FM 4473. Both standards exist to provide a controlled way to compare how roof coverings respond to impact, most commonly hail, but neither is designed to predict cosmetic outcomes after every storm.

UL 2218, often called the steel ball test, evaluates impact resistance by dropping hardened steel balls of a specific diameter onto roofing samples from a specific height. Products earn Class 1 through Class 4 ratings, with Class 4 requiring the material to withstand a 2-inch steel ball dropped from 20 feet without cracking or splitting. The test is repeatable and objective, which is why insurers and code officials rely on it. Testing agencies clearly state that the impact testing cannot be directly correlated with how a roof will withstand an actual hail event.

FM 4473 uses propelled ice balls instead of steel balls to better simulate the density and shatter behavior of real hailstones. Like UL 2218, it assigns Class 1–4 ratings and is commonly referenced in commercial and institutional specifications.

The key takeaway for contractors is impact ratings measure impact resistance at a single point under controlled conditions - not necessarily hail resistance or storm performance.

Why Wind Ratings Still Matter on the Jobsite

Despite their limitations, impact and wind ratings play an essential role. For contractors, the value is not the number itself but knowing how to use it properly. Ratings provide:

• Objective, third-party performance baselines
• A pathway to code compliance and permitting
• Guidance for insurance underwriting and incentives
• Reduced risk of catastrophic roof failure when applied correctly.

Where Impact Ratings Fall Short in the Field

Impact ratings do not promise a dent-free roof, approval of an insurance claim, or immunity from repair. Even Class 4–rated materials can show cosmetic denting after large or high-velocity hail events.

Weather data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) shows that severe hail (1 inch or larger) occurs regularly across much of the Midwest and Plains, with golf-ball-size and larger hail reported thousands of times per year. Events exceeding standard test thresholds such as baseball-size hail are not rare in major storm corridors.

While impact-rated roof materials may qualify end users for reduced insurance premiums, doing so may require homeowners to waive their rights to submit an aesthetic claim for hail damage on their impact-rated roofs in the future. 

So, on the jobsite, contractors should talk about Class 4 systems as risk reducers, not damage eliminators. A higher impact rating lowers the likelihood of functional damage or leaks, but it doesn’t eliminate post-storm callbacks, aesthetic effects, inspections, or difficult insurance conversations.

Wind Ratings: Where Installation Matters Most

Unlike impact tests, wind ratings evaluate entire roof assemblies, not just the roof material.

The most commonly referenced standard is UL 580, which subjects a roof assembly to static and oscillating uplift pressure. Ratings such as Class 30, 60, and 90 correspond to the pounds per square foot (psf) of uplift the assembly can withstand. A Class 90 rating means the roof resists up to 90 psf of uplift, a level typically associated with severe hurricane-force conditions when applied through ASCE 7 wind calculations.

For metal roofing, especially structural standing seam systems, ASTM E1592 is often more relevant. It tests long panel spans over open framing with uniform pressure until failure, making it particularly applicable to engineered metal roof systems.

What Roofing Contractors Should Tell Customers About Wind Ratings

Follow these seven steps when discussing wind ratings and testing with homeowners.

--Compiled by Central States

When testing certifications come up with homeowners, clarity matters more than hype. Roofing contractors who explain ratings accurately protect both the customer and themselves.

1. Start with what ratings are.
   Impact and wind ratings are third-party test results that show how a roofing product or system performed under controlled laboratory conditions. They provide a reliable comparison point between products, but they’re not guarantees of zero damage in every storm.
2. Be clear about what ratings don’t mean.
   A Class 4 impact rating doesn’t mean a roof will never dent, and a high wind rating doesn’t mean panels can’t lift if installation details aren’t followed. Ratings reduce risk - they don’t eliminate it.
3. Explain the difference between cosmetic and functional damage.
   Many highly-rated roofing systems are designed to prevent leaks and structural failure, not cosmetic marks. After severe hail, a roof can still protect the building even if it shows visible dents.
4. Tie ratings to proper installation.
   Ratings only apply when the roof is installed properly and as tested. Clip spacing, fastener type, panel gauge, substrate, and edge detailing all matter. 
5. Connect ratings to local conditions.
   Not every project needs the highest rating available. The right choice depends on local hail frequency, wind zone, building design, and budget. Ratings help guide those decisions—they don’t replace them.
6. Set expectations early.
   The best time to explain storm ratings is before the storm, not after. Customers who understand how ratings work are less likely to be surprised if cosmetic damage occurs and more confident in the system they chose.

Position ratings as part of the system - not the whole story.
Underlayment, flashing details, substrate, ventilation, and workmanship often matter as much as the rating itself. Durable roofs are built through complete systems, not single numbers.

Why Wind Ratings Are Contractor-Critical

Wind ratings are very specific to full assemblies, so it’s important the roof is built exactly as tested.

Clip spacing, fastener type, gauge, substrate, and edge detailing all affect the final uplift performance. A panel profile with excellent lab results can fail prematurely if installed outside the recommendations or tested parameters. This is where manufacturer engineering and documentation separate marketing claims from usable data.

Manufacturers such as Central States publish wind uplift values tied to specific gauges, fastening patterns, and framing conditions, reinforcing the importance of constructing to industry and manufacturer specifications.

Limitations of Wind Ratings

Even high wind ratings have limits. Lab tests cannot fully replicate:

• Complex roof geometries
• Enhanced pressures at corners and edges
• Internal pressurization from envelope breaches
• Turbulence caused by terrain and surrounding structures

That’s why building codes rely on ASCE 7, which assigns higher wind pressures to perimeter and corner zones. Contractors who rely solely on a single uplift number without addressing zone-specific detailing, risk both performance issues and liability exposure.

“On the jobsite, contractors should talk about Class 4 systems as risk reducers, not damage eliminators. A higher impact rating lowers the likelihood of functional damage or leaks, but it doesn’t eliminate post-storm callbacks, aesthetic effects, inspections, or difficult insurance conversations.”

How Smart Contractors Talk About Ratings

The most effective contractors don’t sell ratings as guarantees. They position them as:

• Validated minimum performance thresholds
• Comparative tools - not promises
• One part of a broader roof system strategy

Installation quality, detailing, substrate selection, and adherence to tested assemblies matter more than chasing the highest classification. A correctly installed, well-detailed roof system often outperforms a higher-rated product installed carelessly.

Hail and wind ratings are meaningful when contractors understand their limits.

They don’t predict every storm outcome, but they do help contractors design, install, and defend roof systems that meet real-world hazards. Used responsibly, ratings are not sales tools. They are professional tools that help contractors build roofs that perform, pass inspection, and hold up under scrutiny long after the storm passes.